The brains ability to adapt is called neuroplasticity. It is the muscle building part of the brain and as the child grows and learns the brain forms new connections and pathways. During childhood the brain is highly plastic which means it can adapt more rapidly. It is the brain's way of learning and adapting to experiences which a child faces throughout the early stages, here are the ways that impact the brain:

• Learning and Skill Development.
• Language Acquisition.
• Social and Emotional development.

It is a fundamental aspect of brain development in babies and toddlers which allows them to learn, adapt and develop various skills and abilities as they grow.

The pivotal meeting which was convened by UNICEF in 2014 on brain child development in early childhood made the policy makers and experts emphasize the significance of nurturing young minds during their formative years. Their formal discussions were on the profound impacts of early experiences on cognitive and emotional development which showed that there was a big need to invest in education, nutrition and care to ensure the children's proper brain development and bright future.

• Four styles of attachment are 

1.Secure attachment : Children with secure attachment are comfortable exploring the environment with a caregiver, they always trust their care giver which includes parents or immediate family to provide a sense of security to them.

2. Anxious resistant attachment : Children with this style of attachment are clingy and more anxious even if their caregiver is present. They overly depend on their dependents attention towards them and usually do not calm down easily when they are upset.

3.Avoidant attachment: These styles of children may appear independent, self reliant and avoid contact with their caregivers. They do not seek comfort from their caregivers when in emotional stress.

4. Disorganised disorientated attachment : These style of children display signs of being confused and having contradictory behaviour often resulting from inconsistent caregiving. It is a display of erratic behaviour which lacks consistent coping strategy.

The benefits of secure attachments in children include many benefits including:

• Emotional well being: Securely attached children tend to have better emotional feelings and experience increase in self esteem.
• Healthy relationships: The children form positive and trusting relationships in adulthood with their colleagues and friends.
• Cognitive developments: The secure attachments support cognitive development which lead to better problem solving skills in the child and a good academic performance.
• Parent child bond: These secure attachments also promote parent and child bond. facilitating effective communication and trust.

The promotion of secure attachments in children sets a strong foundation for their life long emotional and social well being.

The one other method to comfort and support a child is through active listening and showing empathy.

Child should be provided with full attention and parents/educators to ask open ended questions to better understand their feelings and to show that they are genuinely care and are interested in their words.

By providing a validating response and offering a safe space to the children to carry out the discussion parents/educators can help them feel heard and supported during difficult times.

The two policies that can be discussed are :

NAPPY CHANGING POLICY:

1. Practice to maintain hygiene and safety during nappy changing and toileting.

2. Respecting family and cultural expectations in toileting and nappy changing practices.

FIRST AID POLICY:

1. Appropriate First Aid will be implemented when necessary.

2. Regularly checking, maintaining and updating the first aid medical kit at service.

The four outlines that can be briefly stated for standard requirements for cots and bedding for babies and toddlers are :

• All soft toys, pillows and donnas should be removed before the baby is put to sleep so to avoid choking hazards.
• Mattresses protectors should be in good condition and not damaged or broken to avoid any injuries or choking.
• All cots which are sold in Australia carry mandatory Australian standard and those labels should be visible and checked before purchase.
• The mattress should be in a nice condition and should be hygienically clean to avoid any illnesses to the baby. They can be cleaned with anti septic wipes before use to make them more safe for the babies.

Creating a quality  sleeping  environment include ;

1.Lighting: Turning off lights is a way to encourage the children's mind to relax and is also a method to tell them that its time to go to sleep. This can be done only if children are not scared of turning off the lights while a softer light can still be used at night time before sleep.

2. Noise : Keeping noise levels down at night time is very important for a good sleep. Sleeping areas or room should be separated from other areas to induce the factor of sleep. Sleep areas should be quiet with lowest of noise levels which encourages calmness and rest. 

Creating a hygienic and safe environment include ;

1. The bed should be cleaned and new bed sheets should be used after every use to keep it hygienic.

2. Children should be encouraged to wash hands and brush their teeth before sleeping to maintain the hygiene routine.
 

Avoid safety bedding in a cot :

Parents and care givers should be aware that pillows, quilts, soft toys, donnas should be avoided while sleeping. These could be dangerous and present a hazard for breathing while sleeping for little children, and for older babies soft bedding might cause them to fall out of their caught while being disbalanced on the platform.

Try to judge what layers are needed and adjust case by case:

Children should be checked regularly during the night if they seem a bit hot or red on their face, this might be the result of having extra layers of clothing especially when they are suffering from cold or fever. The extra layers cause over heating of the body and should be removed to let the body cool down.

Ensure that there is nothing around the cot/bed that posses a threat:

Try to remove any cables, wires or any active electrical equipment which is near the baby's cot or bed for any electrical hazard during the night before sleeping. Ensure to check all around the bed for safety before sleeping.

The only situation where the procedure could be compromised is if the baby has a specific medical condition or requirement that necessitates a different approach.

The educators should consult with medical professionals and regulatory agencies to ensure the child's safety while also complying with the legal requirements. Child's health and safety are the priority and certain necessary exceptions should be taken within the boundaries of the law under strict medical supervision.

Age Groups and Size :

Family day care services often involve smaller groups of children in a home like setting ranging from 4 to 10 children at a time. The ages of the children may vary from infants to school-age children depending on their licensing and capacity. The setting is like a home based setting which provides a more homey atmosphere.

Centre based services are more large and formally structured facilities. They can accommodate 20 to 100 children or even more. They have more rooms for different age groups, infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers. The setting of a centre is more professionally organized and their curriculum is designed in a way to promote early childhood development.

Provider Qualifications : 

In the Family Day Care Service the providers are often required to meet certain qualifications, including training in child development, CPR and first aid qualification and background checks.

In the Centre Based  Service the staff they usually have their formal qualifications and they include teacher assistants, childhood educators and administrators.

Inspections and Regulations :

Family Day care services are subject to periodic inspections to ensure compliance with safety and health regulations.

The centre Based services are subject to strict regulations, including safety standards, staff to child ratios and curriculum requirements.

Both the types of services are regulated to ensure the safety and well being of children, but specific regulations can vary by location.

• Communication should be openly made with the parents and carers of the child to understand their preferences, routines and any other specific requirements. 
• Each child should be treated as unique, child age, developmental stage and all the other medical and special needs should be kept in mind before addressing the toilet needs.
• Privacy should be provided to each child along with a comfortable environment to protect the child's dignity.
• Nappy change time should be used for learning experiences, it should have an environment where more interactions occur.
• The safety of the child should be prioritized by using appropriate changing tables and always supervised closely.
• The hygiene practices including handwashing before and after change of nappy should be encouraged for the health of the baby.

1. The children should be encouraged to take their own time, even if they are slow the educators and carers should slow down to their pace of learning.
2. Each child's needs should be kept in mind, the toileting techniques should be customised for each child in a way in which the child is comfortable.
3. The response time for taking the child to the toilet should be quick and they should not be put to wait once they have indicated for using the toilet.
4. Each time the child is taken to the toilet the educator should focus on using that time positively to develop a positive interaction.

• The parents should be inquired of any behaviours or triggers the child will show while they wanted to go for the toilet for example crossing of legs or other movements while some children can be shy and they can be noticed if their is a behaviour changed.
• A form of encouragement should be provided to the children after completion of their toileting activities, such as words like " well done " or few extra praises or by providing extra playtime to them which will keep them motivated and would do the right thing next time.
• The parents and carers should not show discouraging or disappointing behaviour in front of the child in case of any toileting accidents rather they should be nicely shown and discussed regarding the soiled clothes and create a link between them.

1. Breastfeeding should be continued to the point until the baby and mother are comfortable, This helps the baby in getting maximum nutritional value and the babies immunity becomes more stronger especially during the first year of the baby's birth.
2. A big variety of solid food should be tried with the young babies. All types of fruits, vegetables, fish and meat products should be given.
3. Iron fortified foods such as cereals and meats should be introduced in the babies diet, as meat is an abundant source of vitamins and minerals including Vitamin B12 and zinc.
4. Babies need calcium in their diet for bone development so best source of bone development is breast milk and infant formula, cow milk can also be given as part food but not as substitute for breast milk. Pasteurised full cream milk can be given as the main drink in the second year of baby's life.
5. Dietary fat is important source of energy and essential fatty acids and promotes the absorption of essential fat soluble vitamins. If the fat is not allowed to be given to children it might cause disruption in growth. 
6. The babies which have a balanced and consistent diet do not need nutritional supplements, low birth weight in children are exceptions and should be consulted with doctors.
7. As infants can be fussy eaters and also do not have much control over their eating so they should be supervised while eating.
8. Parents should replicate enjoyment and form of happiness while eating healthy foods and should model it in front of kids, this habit persists when the child is young and goes till adulthood.

Powdered Formula :

• Hands should be washed with soap or any anti septic and dried with a tissue paper or disposable paper towel.
• It should be made sure that a fresh batch of infant formula milk is made every time.
• Formula should be made as per the instructions of the company printed on it such as :
• Measure the cooled boil water in the baby's feeding bottle.
• Scoops of formula milk should be added to the bottle.
• Cap should be put on the bottle to shake it for use.
• The milk should be Luke warm and temperature should be checked by putting drop of liquid on the wrist.
• Milk should be made by educators/carers only if they are feeling well as it can cause hygiene problems and make the baby sick.

Liquid Formula :

• Once the packaging of the liquid formula bottle is opened, it should be fed to the baby straight away otherwise should be put in a sterile bottle.
• The formula milk should be stored in the coldest part of the fridge.
• It should be made warm by putting it in heated shallow water for no more than 15 minutes, otherwise bottle warmers can also be used.
• Use of micro waves should not be allowed as it doesn't heat the milk evenly.
• Dispose off all the unused milk after two hours of taking out from the fridge.
• Dispose and Discard off all milk after 24 hours even if it has been sitting in the fridge. That is the maximum use time.

The feeding times for babies can vary from each other and it depends on their individual preferences. Babies and toddlers will be hungry at different times through out the day and night and it is difficult to stick to desired feeding schedules that is applicable to all babies.

Babies :

The best method is to communicate with families and get the information of baby feeding timings from them, also check if they provide pre made foods for the babies which need to be stored away for certain times of the day. Cues from the babies also needed to be followed as they refer to certain behaviours exhibited by the babies. 

Toddlers :

The frequency of providing breast milk, formula or food to toddlers varies with their age and individual needs, In toddlers the frequency of milk or formula decreases as they move more frequently towards solid food, it might often jus be once a day while they are having meals 2 to 3 times a day.

Toddlers emphasis also shifts towards fruits and vegetables, grains and protein sources and they start having a balanced diet. It also depends upon children to children cases and toddlers nutrition habits might be guided by a nutritionist. 

To develop and promote communication and language development with babies and toddlers educators should use one to one interactions with them. It is a focused time with the child. The best routines to follow are nappy changes, toileting, feeding time, playtimes and preparing for rest/sleep times on a one to one basis. 

Babies and Toddlers need a lot of attention while growing up and they should be talked with most of the time as an example while changing nappies " Now i am going to change your nappy " Its fresh and clean ".

Singing songs to the babies and toddlers exposes them to unique sounds and rhythms, like twinkle twinkle little star and humpty dumpty had a great fall are good rhyming examples.

Hand Gestures and Face Gestures should be used while saying hello and waving good bye and leaving with a smile shows to the baby and toddler the love expressed.

Responding promptly also encourages the toddlers and babies to talk back more so as they talk a response should be given.

The benefits of developing a routine with a child while carrying out personal care tasks includes making the child feel secure as by doing this you are showing the child the whole process in which they will observe as a carer what you are doing and what the child needs to do.

Routines make the children feel relaxed and enjoyable and they increase their engagement and participation in the tasks at hand. The time spent with you also feels more valuable and positive. The child would create a unique bond with the educator/carer and a growth in relationship means that the child would be more comfortable in this whole process of carrying out personal tasks. This ends up being a better learning and development process for the child.